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Neuropharmacological Effects: Picrotoxinin acts as a potent blocker of GABA-gated chloride channels, essentially inhibiting the inhibitory effects of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), a major neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. By blocking GABA receptors, picrotoxinin can lead to hyperexcitability of neurons, resulting in convulsions and seizures. Due to its ability to induce convulsions, picrotoxinin has been used in research to study seizure disorders and to explore potential treatments for epilepsy.
Experimental Tool: Picrotoxinin is primarily used as a research tool in neuroscience and pharmacology to study the role of GABA receptors in various physiological and pathological processes. Its ability to modulate neuronal excitability and induce convulsions makes it a valuable tool for investigating the mechanisms underlying epilepsy, anxiety disorders, and other neurological conditions.
Epilepsy Research: Picrotoxinin-induced seizures have been extensively studied in animal models to better understand the pathophysiology of epilepsy and to test potential antiepileptic drugs. By inducing seizures in laboratory animals, researchers can evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs in preventing or suppressing seizure activity.
Toxicity: Picrotoxinin is highly toxic and can cause severe adverse effects if ingested or absorbed through the skin. Symptoms of picrotoxinin poisoning may include convulsions, respiratory depression, cardiovascular collapse, and death. Due to its toxicity, picrotoxinin should only be handled by trained professionals in laboratory settings, and appropriate safety precautions should be taken.
Potential Therapeutic Applications: While picrotoxinin itself is not used therapeutically due to its toxicity, compounds that modulate GABA receptors, such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates, are commonly used as antiepileptic drugs and anxiolytics. Research on picrotoxinin and other GABA receptor modulators may lead to the development of new treatments for epilepsy, anxiety disorders, and other conditions involving abnormal neuronal excitability.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| species | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | Reduces |
| species | Escherichia coli | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acne | 0 | 0 | |
| ADHD | 0 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0 | 0 | |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Allergies | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Allergy to milk products | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Alzheimer's disease | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0 | 0 | |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Asthma | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Atherosclerosis | 0 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Autism | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.5 |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0 | 0 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Brain Trauma | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Carcinoma | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Celiac Disease | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 0.1 | 0.5 | -4 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 0 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0 | 0 | |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Constipation | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| COVID-19 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.5 |
| Crohn's Disease | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| cystic fibrosis | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| deep vein thrombosis | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Depression | 0.5 | 0.6 | -0.2 |
| Dermatomyositis | 0 | 0 | |
| Eczema | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Endometriosis | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Epilepsy | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Fibromyalgia | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Gout | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Graves' disease | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Histamine Issues,Mast Cell Issue, DAO Insufficiency | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| hyperglycemia | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0 | 0 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.5 |
| Insomnia | 0 | 0 | |
| Intelligence | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Long COVID | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0 | 0 | |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Menopause | 0 | 0 | |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Mood Disorders | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 0 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 0 | 0 | |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0 | 0 | |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 0 | 0.2 | 0 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 0 | 0 | |
| Obesity | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Osteoarthritis | 0 | 0 | |
| Osteoporosis | 0 | 0 | |
| Parkinson's Disease | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0 | 0 | |
| Psoriasis | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Rosacea | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Schizophrenia | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| scoliosis | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Sjögren syndrome | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sleep Apnea | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Tic Disorder | 0 | 0 | |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
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