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Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis: Physostigmine is used in the management of myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue due to impaired neuromuscular transmission. By inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, physostigmine increases the availability of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, thereby improving muscle strength and reducing symptoms.
Reversal of Anticholinergic Toxicity: Physostigmine is also used as an antidote for anticholinergic toxicity, which can result from overdose or adverse reactions to medications such as antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics, and certain plants (e.g., belladonna alkaloids). By increasing acetylcholine levels, physostigmine counteracts the effects of anticholinergic drugs and restores normal cholinergic function.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Glaucoma: Physostigmine has been used historically in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma, a condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure due to impaired aqueous humor outflow. By constricting the pupil (miosis) and facilitating aqueous humor drainage, physostigmine helps reduce intraocular pressure and relieve symptoms associated with glaucoma. However, its use for this indication has largely been replaced by other medications with fewer side effects.
Cognitive Enhancement: Physostigmine has been investigated for its potential cognitive-enhancing effects, particularly in conditions associated with cholinergic deficits such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia. By increasing acetylcholine levels in the brain, physostigmine may improve cognitive function, memory, and attention in some individuals.
Adverse Effects: Common side effects of physostigmine may include gastrointestinal disturbances (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), bradycardia (slow heart rate), sweating, salivation, lacrimation (tearing), miosis (constricted pupils), and bronchoconstriction. Excessive cholinergic stimulation can lead to more severe adverse effects such as muscle cramps, fasciculations, seizures, and respiratory depression.
Contraindications: Physostigmine is contraindicated in individuals with hypersensitivity to cholinergic drugs and in those with mechanical obstruction of the gastrointestinal or urinary tract. It should be used with caution in patients with bradycardia, asthma, peptic ulcer disease, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease.
Dosage and Administration: Physostigmine is available for intravenous, intramuscular, and ophthalmic administration. The dosage and route of administration depend on the specific indication, patient's age, weight, and clinical response. Intravenous administration requires careful titration and continuous monitoring of vital signs due to the potential for adverse effects.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| species | Escherichia coli | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| ADHD | 0.5 | 0.7 | -0.4 |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Allergies | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0 |
| Allergy to milk products | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3 |
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 0 | 0 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 1.2 | 1.4 | -0.17 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 0.6 | 0.1 | 5 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
| Asthma | 0.8 | 0.2 | 3 |
| Atherosclerosis | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.6 | 1 | -0.67 |
| Autism | 3.4 | 2.7 | 0.26 |
| Barrett esophagus cancer | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0.5 | 0.7 | -0.4 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Carcinoma | 0.9 | 0.2 | 3.5 |
| Celiac Disease | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.4 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 1.8 | 2.4 | -0.33 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 0.2 | 0.4 | -1 |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.3 | 0.7 | -1.33 |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 1 | 1 | |
| Constipation | 1.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.1 | 0.4 | -3 |
| COVID-19 | 2.4 | 3.2 | -0.33 |
| Crohn's Disease | 2.6 | 0.9 | 1.89 |
| cystic fibrosis | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| deep vein thrombosis | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Depression | 2.4 | 1.5 | 0.6 |
| Eczema | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
| Endometriosis | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Epilepsy | 0.5 | 0.1 | 4 |
| Fibromyalgia | 0.2 | 2 | -9 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 1.6 | 1.4 | 0.14 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 1.2 | 1.2 | |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.4 | 0.7 | -0.75 |
| giant cell arteritis | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Gout | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Graves' disease | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Halitosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 0.2 | 0.4 | -1 |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Histamine Issues,Mast Cell Issue, DAO Insufficiency | 0.7 | 0 | 0 |
| hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| hyperglycemia | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| hypersomnia | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 0.2 | 1 | -4 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.7 | -0.7 | |
| Hypoxia | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 1.4 | -1.4 | |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 0.9 | 1.4 | -0.56 |
| Insomnia | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Intelligence | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 0.8 | 1.4 | -0.75 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 1.2 | 1 | 0.2 |
| Long COVID | 2.8 | 1.4 | 1 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.1 | 1 | -9 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 1.3 | 0.3 | 3.33 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 1.9 | 2.6 | -0.37 |
| Mood Disorders | 3.3 | 1.9 | 0.74 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.15 |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| Obesity | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.71 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.42 |
| Osteoarthritis | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Osteoporosis | 0.7 | 0.1 | 6 |
| Parkinson's Disease | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.38 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 1.3 | 0.2 | 5.5 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.1 | 0.4 | -3 |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Psoriasis | 0.5 | 1.1 | -1.2 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 2.2 | 1 | 1.2 |
| Rosacea | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Schizophrenia | 1.9 | 0.5 | 2.8 |
| scoliosis | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
| Sjögren syndrome | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| Sleep Apnea | 0.6 | 0.9 | -0.5 |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.6 | 1.2 | -1 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 1.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Tic Disorder | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 2 | 1.1 | 0.82 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 2.7 | 2.8 | -0.04 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 0.5 | 2.8 | -4.6 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 2.8 | 0.4 | 6 |
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