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Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition: Allopurinol works by inhibiting the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which is responsible for the conversion of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid. By blocking this enzyme, allopurinol reduces the production of uric acid, leading to decreased serum urate levels.
Treatment of Gout: Allopurinol is a first-line medication for the management of gout, a form of inflammatory arthritis caused by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the joints. By lowering serum urate levels, allopurinol helps prevent the formation of urate crystals and reduces the frequency and severity of gout attacks.
Prevention of Gout Flares: Allopurinol is also used for the long-term prevention of gout flares in patients with recurrent gout attacks or tophi (urate crystal deposits) despite dietary modifications or lifestyle changes. Continuous allopurinol therapy helps maintain serum urate levels within the target range and prevents the recurrence of gout symptoms.
Prevention of Uric Acid Kidney Stones: Allopurinol may be used to prevent the formation of uric acid kidney stones in individuals with a history of recurrent kidney stones related to hyperuricosuria (excessive urinary excretion of uric acid). By lowering urinary uric acid levels, allopurinol reduces the risk of uric acid stone formation.
Treatment of Hyperuricemia: Allopurinol is indicated for the treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia in patients at risk of developing gout or uric acid kidney stones. By lowering serum urate levels, allopurinol helps prevent the progression of hyperuricemia to symptomatic gout or other complications.
Allopurinol Hypersensitivity Syndrome (AHS): A rare but potentially serious side effect of allopurinol therapy is allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS), also known as drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). AHS is characterized by fever, rash, eosinophilia, and multiorgan involvement, including hepatitis, nephritis, and hematologic abnormalities. Patients with a history of AHS should not be rechallenged with allopurinol.
Renal Function: Allopurinol is primarily eliminated by the kidneys, and dosage adjustments may be necessary in patients with impaired renal function to prevent drug accumulation and potential toxicity. Renal function should be monitored regularly during allopurinol therapy, particularly in elderly patients or those with pre-existing renal impairment.
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Apart from AHS, allopurinol may cause other hypersensitivity reactions, including skin rash, pruritus, and mild gastrointestinal symptoms. Patients should be monitored for signs of hypersensitivity, and therapy should be discontinued if a severe allergic reaction occurs.
Drug Interactions: Allopurinol may interact with certain medications, including azathioprine, mercaptopurine, and theophylline, among others. Concurrent use of these medications with allopurinol may increase the risk of adverse effects or alter their therapeutic efficacy. Close monitoring and dosage adjustments may be necessary when combining allopurinol with other drugs.
Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
---|---|---|
species | Escherichia coli | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
---|---|---|---|
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
ADHD | 1.1 | 0.1 | 10 |
Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 1.4 | 1.4 | |
Allergies | 1.2 | 1.2 | |
Allergy to milk products | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1 |
Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
Alzheimer's disease | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.25 |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 |
Ankylosing spondylitis | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.18 |
Anorexia Nervosa | 0.1 | 0.4 | -3 |
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 1.1 | 0.3 | 2.67 |
Asthma | 0.1 | 0.4 | -3 |
Atherosclerosis | 0.4 | 0.5 | -0.25 |
Atrial fibrillation | 0.7 | 0.9 | -0.29 |
Autism | 2.8 | 2 | 0.4 |
Barrett esophagus cancer | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
Bipolar Disorder | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
Brain Trauma | 0.3 | 0.4 | -0.33 |
Carcinoma | 1.5 | 0.6 | 1.5 |
Celiac Disease | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1 |
Cerebral Palsy | 0.2 | 0.4 | -1 |
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 2.1 | 1.4 | 0.5 |
Chronic Kidney Disease | 1.4 | 0.5 | 1.8 |
Chronic Lyme | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 1.4 | 0.2 | 6 |
Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 1 | 0.2 | 4 |
Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.75 |
Colorectal Cancer | 2.3 | 0.3 | 6.67 |
Constipation | 0.9 | 0.2 | 3.5 |
Coronary artery disease | 1 | 0.1 | 9 |
COVID-19 | 3.1 | 3.5 | -0.13 |
Crohn's Disease | 4 | 1.2 | 2.33 |
cystic fibrosis | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1 |
deep vein thrombosis | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1 |
Depression | 3.9 | 2.3 | 0.7 |
Dermatomyositis | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Eczema | 1 | 0.8 | 0.25 |
Endometriosis | 1.5 | 1.5 | |
Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Epilepsy | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1 |
Fibromyalgia | 0.6 | 1 | -0.67 |
Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 2.1 | 1.4 | 0.5 |
gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.8 | 0.2 | 3 |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 1.6 | 0.3 | 4.33 |
Glioblastoma | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
Gout | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
Graves' disease | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
Halitosis | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1 |
Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 |
Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
Histamine Issues,Mast Cell Issue, DAO Insufficiency | 1.1 | 0.2 | 4.5 |
hyperglycemia | 0.3 | 0.4 | -0.33 |
Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
hypersomnia | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 1.1 | 1.2 | -0.09 |
Hypothyroidism | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
Hypoxia | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 1.3 | -1.3 | |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 2.8 | 1.5 | 0.87 |
Insomnia | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.25 |
Intelligence | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
Intracranial aneurysms | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 1.9 | 1.6 | 0.19 |
Liver Cirrhosis | 1.6 | 1 | 0.6 |
Long COVID | 3.4 | 1.8 | 0.89 |
Low bone mineral density | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
Lung Cancer | 1 | 1 | |
ME/CFS with IBS | 0.2 | 0.4 | -1 |
ME/CFS without IBS | 1.2 | 0.3 | 3 |
Metabolic Syndrome | 4.5 | 2.5 | 0.8 |
Mood Disorders | 4.5 | 2.3 | 0.96 |
multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
Multiple Sclerosis | 1.9 | 1 | 0.9 |
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
Neuropathy (all types) | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.5 |
neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.67 |
Obesity | 3.7 | 1.2 | 2.08 |
obsessive-compulsive disorder | 2.6 | 1.1 | 1.36 |
Osteoarthritis | 1.5 | 1.5 | |
Osteoporosis | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
pancreatic cancer | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Parkinson's Disease | 1.5 | 1.4 | 0.07 |
Polycystic ovary syndrome | 1.1 | 0.2 | 4.5 |
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 |
primary biliary cholangitis | 0.9 | -0.9 | |
Psoriasis | 1.4 | 0.6 | 1.33 |
rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 3.3 | 1.1 | 2 |
Rosacea | 0 | 0.2 | 0 |
Schizophrenia | 1.6 | 0.2 | 7 |
scoliosis | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
Sjögren syndrome | 0.6 | 1 | -0.67 |
Sleep Apnea | 0.2 | 0.5 | -1.5 |
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 2.3 | 0.2 | 10.5 |
Tic Disorder | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
Tourette syndrome | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
Type 1 Diabetes | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.75 |
Type 2 Diabetes | 4.9 | 2.7 | 0.81 |
Ulcerative colitis | 1.3 | 1.9 | -0.46 |
Unhealthy Ageing | 2.7 | 0.2 | 12.5 |
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