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Epilepsy: Levetiracetam is primarily used to manage seizures in individuals with epilepsy. It is effective in controlling partial-onset seizures (also known as focal seizures), generalized tonic-clonic seizures, myoclonic seizures, and absence seizures.
Partial-Onset Seizures: Levetiracetam has been shown to reduce the frequency and severity of partial-onset seizures, which involve abnormal electrical activity in a specific area of the brain. It may be used as monotherapy or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for better seizure control.
Generalized Seizures: Levetiracetam is also effective in controlling generalized tonic-clonic seizures, which affect both sides of the brain and typically involve loss of consciousness and convulsions. It can help prevent the occurrence of these seizures and improve overall seizure management.
Myoclonic Seizures: Myoclonic seizures are characterized by sudden, brief muscle jerks or twitches. Levetiracetam has shown efficacy in reducing the frequency and severity of myoclonic seizures, particularly in individuals with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.
Absence Seizures: Levetiracetam may also be effective in managing absence seizures, which involve brief episodes of impaired consciousness and staring spells. It can help prevent the occurrence of these seizures and improve seizure control in individuals with certain types of epilepsy syndromes.
Safety and Tolerability: Levetiracetam is generally well-tolerated, with a favorable safety profile compared to some other AEDs. Common side effects may include drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, and behavioral changes. These side effects are usually mild and transient, but they may require dose adjustment or discontinuation of the medication in some cases.
Long-Term Treatment: Levetiracetam is suitable for long-term use in the management of epilepsy. It is often prescribed as a maintenance therapy to prevent seizure recurrence and improve quality of life in individuals with epilepsy.
Dosage Adjustment: The dosage of levetiracetam may need to be adjusted based on individual response, seizure control, and tolerability. Healthcare providers typically start with a low dose and gradually increase it to achieve optimal seizure management while minimizing side effects.
Monitoring and Follow-Up: Regular monitoring of seizure frequency, medication adherence, and potential adverse effects is important for optimizing treatment outcomes with levetiracetam. Healthcare providers may adjust the treatment plan as needed to ensure effective seizure control and minimize side effects.
Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
---|---|---|
species | Escherichia coli | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
---|---|---|---|
ADHD | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
Allergies | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
Allergy to milk products | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
Alzheimer's disease | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 |
Ankylosing spondylitis | 0.5 | 0.6 | -0.2 |
Anorexia Nervosa | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
Asthma | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
Atherosclerosis | 0 | 0 | |
Atrial fibrillation | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
Autism | 1 | 0.7 | 0.43 |
Barrett esophagus cancer | 0 | 0.2 | 0 |
benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
Bipolar Disorder | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
Brain Trauma | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
Carcinoma | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
Celiac Disease | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
Cerebral Palsy | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 0.9 | 1 | -0.11 |
Chronic Kidney Disease | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
Chronic Lyme | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1 |
Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
Colorectal Cancer | 1.3 | 1.3 | |
Constipation | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Coronary artery disease | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
COVID-19 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.63 |
Crohn's Disease | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.4 |
cystic fibrosis | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
deep vein thrombosis | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
Depression | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.27 |
Dermatomyositis | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Eczema | 0.5 | 0.9 | -0.8 |
Endometriosis | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0 | 0 | |
Epilepsy | 0.6 | 0.9 | -0.5 |
Fibromyalgia | 0.8 | 0.1 | 7 |
Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.33 |
gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.7 | 0.1 | 6 |
Glioblastoma | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
Graves' disease | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
Halitosis | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Histamine Issues,Mast Cell Issue, DAO Insufficiency | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
hyperglycemia | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 |
Hypoxia | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1.7 | 0.4 | 3.25 |
Insomnia | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 |
Intracranial aneurysms | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
Liver Cirrhosis | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
Long COVID | 1 | 0.3 | 2.33 |
Lung Cancer | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
ME/CFS with IBS | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
ME/CFS without IBS | 0.7 | 0.2 | 2.5 |
Metabolic Syndrome | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1 |
Mood Disorders | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.27 |
multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
Multiple Sclerosis | 1 | 0.8 | 0.25 |
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Neuropathy (all types) | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
Obesity | 1 | 0.8 | 0.25 |
obsessive-compulsive disorder | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
Osteoarthritis | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
Osteoporosis | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
pancreatic cancer | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Parkinson's Disease | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 |
Polycystic ovary syndrome | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
Psoriasis | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.25 |
rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 1 | 0.4 | 1.5 |
Schizophrenia | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
Sjögren syndrome | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
Sleep Apnea | 0 | 0.1 | 0 |
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3 |
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 1.2 | 1.2 | |
Tourette syndrome | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
Type 1 Diabetes | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1 |
Type 2 Diabetes | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.75 |
Ulcerative colitis | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
Unhealthy Ageing | 1 | 1 |
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