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Reduction of Alcohol Craving: Acamprosate is thought to modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission in the brain, particularly by acting as a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist and an antagonist at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. By restoring balance to glutamatergic signaling pathways, acamprosate may help reduce the craving for alcohol and mitigate the urge to drink in individuals with alcohol dependence.
Maintenance of Abstinence: Acamprosate is indicated for the maintenance of abstinence from alcohol in individuals who have already achieved sobriety and are motivated to remain abstinent. It is typically initiated after the individual has undergone detoxification and achieved initial abstinence from alcohol. Acamprosate is not a treatment for alcohol withdrawal symptoms and should not be used to initiate abstinence.
Prevention of Relapse: Acamprosate has been shown to reduce the risk of relapse to heavy drinking and increase the duration of abstinence in individuals with alcohol dependence. It is most effective when used as part of a comprehensive treatment program that includes psychosocial support, counseling, and other interventions aimed at promoting long-term sobriety.
Delay of Relapse Onset: Acamprosate therapy may delay the onset of relapse to alcohol use following a period of abstinence. By helping individuals maintain their commitment to sobriety and resist the temptation to drink, acamprosate can support the recovery process and improve treatment outcomes in alcohol-dependent individuals.
Mechanism of Action: The exact mechanism of action of acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence is not fully understood. However, it is believed to involve modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission and restoration of normal neurochemical balance in the brain. Acamprosate may help counteract the neuroadaptations that occur in response to chronic alcohol exposure and contribute to alcohol craving and relapse.
Dosage and Administration: Acamprosate calcium is typically administered orally in the form of delayed-release tablets. The recommended dosage is usually 666 mg (two tablets) taken three times daily, preferably with meals. The dosage may be adjusted based on individual patient characteristics, such as renal function, body weight, and response to treatment.
Safety and Tolerability: Acamprosate is generally well-tolerated, with the most common side effects being gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. These side effects are usually mild to moderate in severity and tend to diminish over time. Acamprosate does not have sedative or intoxicating effects and is not associated with dependence or abuse potential.
Contraindications: Acamprosate is contraindicated in individuals with known hypersensitivity to the drug or its components. It should not be used in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min) due to the risk of drug accumulation and potential toxicity. Caution should be exercised when prescribing acamprosate in patients with moderate renal impairment.
Interactions: Acamprosate has a low potential for drug interactions, as it is not extensively metabolized by the liver and does not significantly affect the metabolism of other medications. However, caution should be exercised when co-administering acamprosate with drugs that are renally eliminated or that may affect renal function.
Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
---|---|---|
species | Escherichia coli | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
---|---|---|---|
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
ADHD | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
Allergies | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
Allergy to milk products | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1 |
Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
Alzheimer's disease | 1 | 1.8 | -0.8 |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.25 |
Ankylosing spondylitis | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.33 |
Anorexia Nervosa | 0.2 | 0.6 | -2 |
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
Asthma | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
Atherosclerosis | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
Atrial fibrillation | 0.5 | 0.8 | -0.6 |
Autism | 1.9 | 1.7 | 0.12 |
Barrett esophagus cancer | 0 | 0 | 0 |
benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Bipolar Disorder | 0.8 | 0.1 | 7 |
Brain Trauma | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
Carcinoma | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.25 |
Celiac Disease | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0 |
Cerebral Palsy | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 0.9 | 1.1 | -0.22 |
Chronic Kidney Disease | 0.9 | 0.1 | 8 |
Chronic Lyme | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.67 |
Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.8 | 0.1 | 7 |
Colorectal Cancer | 1.3 | 1.3 | |
Constipation | 0.5 | 0.1 | 4 |
COVID-19 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 1.36 |
Crohn's Disease | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1.44 |
cystic fibrosis | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
deep vein thrombosis | 0.5 | 0.1 | 4 |
Depression | 2.1 | 1.6 | 0.31 |
Dermatomyositis | 0 | 0 | |
Eczema | 0.2 | 0.6 | -2 |
Endometriosis | 0.9 | 0 | 0 |
Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0 | 0 | |
Epilepsy | 0.7 | 1.1 | -0.57 |
Fibromyalgia | 1.5 | 0.8 | 0.88 |
Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.45 |
gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.6 | 0.1 | 5 |
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
giant cell arteritis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
Glioblastoma | 0 | 0 | |
Graves' disease | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3 |
Halitosis | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
Histamine Issues,Mast Cell Issue, DAO Insufficiency | 0.7 | 0.2 | 2.5 |
hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
hyperglycemia | 0.2 | 0.4 | -1 |
hypersomnia | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 0.6 | 0.9 | -0.5 |
Hypoxia | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 0.7 | -0.7 | |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.44 |
Insomnia | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.5 |
Intelligence | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
Intracranial aneurysms | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 1 | 0.9 | 0.11 |
Liver Cirrhosis | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
Long COVID | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.22 |
Low bone mineral density | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
Lung Cancer | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
ME/CFS with IBS | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
ME/CFS without IBS | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
Metabolic Syndrome | 1.8 | 1.8 | 0 |
Mood Disorders | 2.8 | 1.6 | 0.75 |
multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 0 | 0 | |
Multiple Sclerosis | 0.6 | 1.7 | -1.83 |
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Neuropathy (all types) | 0 | 0.2 | 0 |
neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
Obesity | 1.7 | 0.4 | 3.25 |
obsessive-compulsive disorder | 1.7 | 0.6 | 1.83 |
Osteoarthritis | 1 | 1 | |
Osteoporosis | 0.6 | 0.2 | 2 |
pancreatic cancer | 0 | 0 | |
Parkinson's Disease | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.33 |
Polycystic ovary syndrome | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
primary biliary cholangitis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
Psoriasis | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.8 |
rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 1 | 0.8 | 0.25 |
Rosacea | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
Schizophrenia | 1.8 | 0.3 | 5 |
scoliosis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
Sjögren syndrome | 0.4 | 0.7 | -0.75 |
Sleep Apnea | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 1.1 | 0.3 | 2.67 |
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 1.1 | 0.1 | 10 |
Tic Disorder | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
Tourette syndrome | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
Type 1 Diabetes | 1 | 0.5 | 1 |
Type 2 Diabetes | 1.7 | 1.8 | -0.06 |
Ulcerative colitis | 1 | 1.4 | -0.4 |
Unhealthy Ageing | 1.3 | 0.1 | 12 |
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