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Local Anesthesia: Bupivacaine is primarily used for regional anesthesia, such as epidural, spinal, and peripheral nerve blocks, to provide pain relief during surgical procedures or for postoperative pain management. It works by blocking the transmission of nerve signals in the affected area, resulting in temporary loss of sensation.
Long-Lasting Effect: Bupivacaine is known for its long duration of action compared to other local anesthetics. This prolonged effect is particularly beneficial for procedures requiring extended pain relief, such as labor epidurals or postoperative pain control.
Different Formulations: Bupivacaine is available in various formulations and concentrations, including plain bupivacaine solutions and bupivacaine solutions combined with epinephrine (adrenaline) to prolong its duration and reduce systemic absorption.
Postoperative Pain Management: Bupivacaine can be administered via infusion pumps or as part of multimodal analgesia techniques to manage pain after surgery. Continuous infusion of bupivacaine into surgical sites or peripheral nerves can provide effective pain relief while minimizing the need for opioid analgesics.
Neuraxial Anesthesia: Bupivacaine is commonly used for spinal and epidural anesthesia during childbirth, cesarean sections, orthopedic procedures, and other surgeries. It can provide adequate anesthesia for both surgical procedures and pain relief during labor.
Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Bupivacaine is also used for peripheral nerve blocks to provide localized anesthesia for procedures such as nerve biopsies, joint injections, and regional anesthesia for upper and lower limb surgeries.
Side Effects: While bupivacaine is generally well-tolerated when used appropriately, it can cause side effects such as local irritation at the injection site, transient numbness or weakness, hypotension (low blood pressure), and rare but serious complications such as systemic toxicity and cardiac arrest if inadvertently administered intravascularly or in excessive doses.
Contraindications: Bupivacaine is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to local anesthetics of the amide type, as well as in individuals with certain cardiac conduction abnormalities, severe hypotension, or infections at the injection site.
Monitoring: Patients receiving bupivacaine should be closely monitored for signs of local anesthetic toxicity, including dizziness, confusion, visual disturbances, tinnitus, seizures, cardiovascular collapse, and respiratory depression. Prompt recognition and management of toxicity are essential to prevent serious complications.
Interactions: Bupivacaine may interact with other medications, particularly those that affect cardiac conduction or metabolism. Caution should be exercised when combining bupivacaine with drugs such as beta-blockers, antiarrhythmics, or local anesthetics of the ester type.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| genus | Bifidobacterium | Reduces |
| species | Bacteroides uniformis | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | Reduces |
| species | Escherichia coli | Reduces |
| species | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acne | 0 | 0 | |
| ADHD | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0.5 | 0.1 | 4 |
| Allergies | 1.4 | 0.1 | 13 |
| Allergy to milk products | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 1.3 | 1.6 | -0.23 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.33 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 1.1 | 0.2 | 4.5 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.2 | 0.4 | -1 |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
| Asthma | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Atherosclerosis | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Autism | 1.6 | 1.8 | -0.13 |
| Barrett esophagus cancer | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Biofilm | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.5 |
| Cancer (General) | 0.7 | -0.7 | |
| Carcinoma | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
| Celiac Disease | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.14 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.15 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.67 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 1 | 0.1 | 9 |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 1.6 | 0.2 | 7 |
| Constipation | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| COVID-19 | 3.1 | 1.8 | 0.72 |
| Crohn's Disease | 2.2 | 1.4 | 0.57 |
| cystic fibrosis | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
| deep vein thrombosis | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Depression | 3.1 | 2.9 | 0.07 |
| Dermatomyositis | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Eczema | 0.2 | 0.8 | -3 |
| Endometriosis | 1.3 | 0.1 | 12 |
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Epilepsy | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.27 |
| Fibromyalgia | 1.2 | 0.4 | 2 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.18 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.6 | 0.2 | 2 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.6 | 0.2 | 2 |
| Glioblastoma | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Graves' disease | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| Halitosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 0.7 | 0.2 | 2.5 |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| hyperglycemia | 0.1 | 0.6 | -5 |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| hypersomnia | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 1 | 1.8 | -0.8 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Hypoxia | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1.7 | 1.3 | 0.31 |
| Insomnia | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| Intelligence | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 1 | 0.9 | 0.11 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.86 |
| Long COVID | 1.6 | 1.8 | -0.13 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Mast Cell Issues / mastitis | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.3 | 0.5 | -0.67 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Menopause | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 2.5 | 2.1 | 0.19 |
| Mood Disorders | 3.5 | 2.9 | 0.21 |
| multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 0.8 | 0.2 | 3 |
| neuropathic pain | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3 |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1 |
| Obesity | 2.2 | 1.4 | 0.57 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 2.2 | 0.6 | 2.67 |
| Osteoarthritis | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
| Osteoporosis | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
| pancreatic cancer | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Parkinson's Disease | 2.4 | 1.6 | 0.5 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 0.7 | 0.2 | 2.5 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0 | 0 | |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1 |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Psoriasis | 1.7 | 0.5 | 2.4 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 1.7 | 1.1 | 0.55 |
| Rosacea | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 |
| Schizophrenia | 1.1 | 0.3 | 2.67 |
| Sjögren syndrome | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.22 |
| Sleep Apnea | 0.2 | 0.4 | -1 |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.8 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 1.6 | 0.3 | 4.33 |
| Tic Disorder | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 1 | 0.5 | 1 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 2.5 | 2.2 | 0.14 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.63 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 1.4 | 0.2 | 6 |
| Vitiligo | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.67 |
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