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Alzheimer's Disease: Tacrine was one of the first drugs approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, meaning it increases the levels of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in memory and cognition, by inhibiting its breakdown. By doing so, tacrine helps to improve cognitive function, including memory, thinking, and behavior, in some individuals with Alzheimer's disease.
Cognitive Function: Tacrine's primary mechanism of action involves increasing the availability of acetylcholine in the brain, which can enhance cognitive function. It may improve memory, attention, and problem-solving abilities to some extent in individuals with Alzheimer's disease.
Symptomatic Relief: While tacrine does not cure Alzheimer's disease, it may provide symptomatic relief and slow down the progression of cognitive decline in some patients. However, its efficacy varies among individuals, and not all patients may experience significant benefits.
Side Effects: Tacrine use may be associated with several side effects, including gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), liver toxicity (elevated liver enzymes), muscle weakness, dizziness, insomnia, and urinary incontinence. Regular monitoring of liver function tests is essential during tacrine therapy due to the risk of hepatotoxicity.
Drug Interactions: Tacrine has significant interactions with other medications, particularly those metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system in the liver. Co-administration with certain drugs, such as fluvoxamine, cimetidine, and some antibiotics, may increase tacrine levels and the risk of adverse effects.
Limited Use: Tacrine is less commonly prescribed today due to its side effect profile, especially hepatotoxicity, and the availability of newer acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with improved safety profiles, such as donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine. However, it remains an option for some patients who do not respond to or tolerate other Alzheimer's medications.
Research: While tacrine paved the way for the development of other Alzheimer's treatments, ongoing research continues to explore novel therapeutic strategies for the disease, including disease-modifying therapies aimed at targeting underlying pathological processes such as beta-amyloid and tau protein accumulation.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| species | Escherichia coli | Reduces |
| species | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| ADHD | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Allergies | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Allergy to milk products | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
| Alzheimer's disease | 0.7 | 0.8 | -0.14 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.25 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 0.8 | 0.1 | 7 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.8 | 0.2 | 3 |
| Asthma | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 |
| Autism | 1.3 | 1.7 | -0.31 |
| Barrett esophagus cancer | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Biofilm | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Cancer (General) | 0.8 | -0.8 | |
| Carcinoma | 0.7 | 0.1 | 6 |
| Celiac Disease | 1.3 | 0.3 | 3.33 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 1.1 | 1.8 | -0.64 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 1 | 0.2 | 4 |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.8 | 0.1 | 7 |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.8 | 0.2 | 3 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 1.6 | 1.6 | |
| Constipation | 1 | 1 | |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| COVID-19 | 1.1 | 2.1 | -0.91 |
| Crohn's Disease | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.4 |
| cystic fibrosis | 0.6 | 0.1 | 5 |
| deep vein thrombosis | 0.6 | 0.2 | 2 |
| Depression | 1.5 | 1.8 | -0.2 |
| Dermatomyositis | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Eczema | 0.2 | 1.1 | -4.5 |
| Endometriosis | 1.1 | 1.1 | |
| Epilepsy | 0.7 | 0.1 | 6 |
| Fibromyalgia | 0.5 | -0.5 | |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 1.5 | 0.5 | 2 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.8 | 0.2 | 3 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| Glioblastoma | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Gout | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Graves' disease | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Halitosis | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| hyperglycemia | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| hypersomnia | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 0.5 | 1.1 | -1.2 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Hypoxia | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1.8 | 0.5 | 2.6 |
| Insomnia | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 |
| Intelligence | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.13 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.29 |
| Long COVID | 1.7 | 0.7 | 1.43 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Mast Cell Issues / mastitis | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1 |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.2 | 0.5 | -1.5 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 1.4 | 1.5 | -0.07 |
| Mood Disorders | 1.9 | 1.8 | 0.06 |
| multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.4 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| neuropathic pain | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Obesity | 0.9 | 1.8 | -1 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 1.7 | 0.3 | 4.67 |
| Osteoarthritis | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Osteoporosis | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 |
| pancreatic cancer | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Parkinson's Disease | 2.1 | 0.7 | 2 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 1 | 1 | |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Psoriasis | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.33 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.8 |
| Schizophrenia | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
| scoliosis | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Sjögren syndrome | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3 |
| Sleep Apnea | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.5 |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 1 | 1 | |
| Tic Disorder | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 1.5 | 0.8 | 0.88 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 2 | 1.9 | 0.05 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.18 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 1.5 | 0.2 | 6.5 |
| Vitiligo | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
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