🍽️ (+)-isoproterenol (+)-bitartrate salt,(prescription)

Cardiac Effects: Isoproterenol stimulates beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart, leading to increased heart rate (positive chronotropic effect), increased myocardial contractility (positive inotropic effect), and vasodilation in peripheral blood vessels. These effects result in increased cardiac output and improved myocardial perfusion. Isoproterenol is used in the management of certain cardiac conditions, such as bradycardia, heart block, and cardiac arrest.

Bronchodilator Effects: Isoproterenol also stimulates beta-adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle of the bronchi and bronchioles, resulting in bronchodilation. This effect helps relieve bronchoconstriction and improve airflow in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Treatment of Bradycardia and Heart Block: Isoproterenol may be administered intravenously to increase heart rate and improve cardiac conduction in individuals with symptomatic bradycardia or heart block. It is particularly useful when other interventions such as atropine or pacing are ineffective or unavailable.

Management of Cardiac Arrest: Isoproterenol may be used as a vasopressor agent in the management of cardiac arrest, particularly in cases of profound bradycardia or electromechanical dissociation (pulseless electrical activity). It helps increase myocardial contractility and systemic vascular resistance, thereby improving perfusion pressure and coronary artery blood flow.

Bronchodilator Therapy: Isoproterenol may be administered via inhalation or nebulization for the acute relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma or acute exacerbations of COPD. It provides rapid bronchodilation and symptom relief by relaxing the smooth muscles of the airways.

Dosage and Administration: Isoproterenol (+)-bitartrate salt is typically administered intravenously for cardiac indications and via inhalation for bronchodilator therapy. The dosage and administration route may vary depending on the patient's condition, age, weight, and response to treatment. Intravenous administration requires careful titration and continuous cardiac monitoring due to the potential for adverse effects on heart rate and blood pressure.

Side Effects and Adverse Reactions: Common side effects of isoproterenol may include tachycardia, palpitations, headache, tremor, anxiety, flushing, and nausea. Excessive beta-adrenergic stimulation can lead to arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, and exacerbation of angina pectoris. Bronchospasm may occur as a paradoxical reaction in some individuals, particularly at high doses.

Contraindications: Isoproterenol is contraindicated in individuals with hypersensitivity to sympathomimetic agents, severe hypertension, ventricular arrhythmias, and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. It should be used with caution in patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, and pheochromocytoma.