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Parkinson's Disease Treatment: Carbidopa is used in combination with levodopa to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Levodopa is a precursor to dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is deficient in Parkinson's disease. However, levodopa is extensively metabolized in the peripheral tissues, leading to side effects such as nausea and vomiting before it can reach the brain. Carbidopa inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase in the periphery, preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine outside the brain. This allows more levodopa to reach the brain and be converted to dopamine, thereby improving motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia.
Enhanced Efficacy: By increasing the bioavailability of levodopa and reducing its peripheral side effects, carbidopa enhances the therapeutic efficacy of levodopa therapy. This allows for lower doses of levodopa to be used, minimizing side effects while still providing effective symptom control in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Dosing: Carbidopa is typically administered orally in combination with levodopa, most commonly as a fixed-dose combination tablet. The ratio of carbidopa to levodopa in the combination tablet may vary depending on the formulation and individual patient needs. The dosage of carbidopa/levodopa is titrated based on the patient's response and tolerance, with the goal of achieving optimal symptom control with the lowest effective dose.
Side Effects: Carbidopa itself is generally well-tolerated, especially at the doses used in combination with levodopa. However, common side effects may include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure upon standing). These side effects are often related to levodopa rather than carbidopa.
Long-Term Management: Carbidopa/levodopa therapy is a mainstay of treatment for Parkinson's disease, but long-term use may be associated with motor complications such as motor fluctuations (wearing off and dyskinesias) and psychiatric symptoms. Management of these complications may require adjustments to medication dosages or the addition of other medications.
Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
---|---|---|
species | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | Reduces |
species | Bifidobacterium longum | Reduces |
species | Escherichia coli | Reduces |
subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | Reduces |
subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
---|---|---|---|
Acne | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
ADHD | 2.2 | 0.3 | 6.33 |
Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0.6 | 1.5 | -1.5 |
Allergies | 2.9 | 1 | 1.9 |
Allergy to milk products | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.25 |
Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
Alzheimer's disease | 1.2 | 3 | -1.5 |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 1.4 | 0.4 | 2.5 |
Ankylosing spondylitis | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1.37 |
Anorexia Nervosa | 0.9 | -0.9 | |
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
Asthma | 1 | 0.3 | 2.33 |
Atherosclerosis | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0 |
Atrial fibrillation | 1.6 | 0.6 | 1.67 |
Autism | 4.4 | 3.8 | 0.16 |
Barrett esophagus cancer | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
Bipolar Disorder | 0.3 | 1.1 | -2.67 |
Brain Trauma | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.33 |
Carcinoma | 1.9 | 1.4 | 0.36 |
Celiac Disease | 1.1 | 2.4 | -1.18 |
Cerebral Palsy | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 2.9 | 2.1 | 0.38 |
Chronic Kidney Disease | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.75 |
Chronic Lyme | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 1 | 0.1 | 9 |
Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.4 | 0.5 | -0.25 |
Colorectal Cancer | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.29 |
Constipation | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.25 |
Coronary artery disease | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.14 |
COVID-19 | 6.3 | 5.4 | 0.17 |
Crohn's Disease | 3.4 | 2.5 | 0.36 |
cystic fibrosis | 0.4 | 0.6 | -0.5 |
deep vein thrombosis | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
Depression | 4.8 | 3.2 | 0.5 |
Dermatomyositis | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
Eczema | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.8 |
Endometriosis | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0 |
Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0.1 | 0.5 | -4 |
Epilepsy | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.17 |
Fibromyalgia | 1.3 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 2.1 | 1.5 | 0.4 |
gallstone disease (gsd) | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.2 |
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 1 | 1 | 0 |
giant cell arteritis | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
Glioblastoma | 0 | 0 | |
Graves' disease | 0.7 | 0.8 | -0.14 |
Halitosis | 0.6 | 0 | 0 |
Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 1.4 | 0.4 | 2.5 |
Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.1 | 0.5 | -4 |
Histamine Issues,Mast Cell Issue, DAO Insufficiency | 2 | 0.4 | 4 |
hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
hyperglycemia | 0.1 | 0.6 | -5 |
Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.75 |
hypersomnia | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 1 | 2.7 | -1.7 |
Hypothyroidism | 0.9 | -0.9 | |
Hypoxia | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 1.3 | -1.3 | |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 2.7 | 3 | -0.11 |
Insomnia | 0.4 | 0.5 | -0.25 |
Intelligence | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
Intracranial aneurysms | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 1.8 | 1.4 | 0.29 |
Liver Cirrhosis | 2 | 1.3 | 0.54 |
Long COVID | 4.1 | 5 | -0.22 |
Low bone mineral density | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
Lung Cancer | 0.3 | 0.4 | -0.33 |
ME/CFS with IBS | 0.5 | 1 | -1 |
ME/CFS without IBS | 1.5 | 0.6 | 1.5 |
Menopause | 1.3 | 1.3 | |
Metabolic Syndrome | 3.7 | 3.5 | 0.06 |
Mood Disorders | 6.3 | 3.6 | 0.75 |
multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 0.6 | 0.2 | 2 |
Multiple Sclerosis | 2.4 | 1.3 | 0.85 |
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0 |
Neuropathy (all types) | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 |
neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 0.9 | 2.9 | -2.22 |
NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
Obesity | 4.5 | 1.5 | 2 |
obsessive-compulsive disorder | 2.4 | 1.8 | 0.33 |
Osteoarthritis | 1.4 | 0.1 | 13 |
Osteoporosis | 1.2 | 0.3 | 3 |
pancreatic cancer | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
Parkinson's Disease | 1.3 | 1.7 | -0.31 |
Polycystic ovary syndrome | 0.6 | 1 | -0.67 |
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
primary biliary cholangitis | 0.1 | 0.4 | -3 |
Psoriasis | 2.4 | 0.3 | 7 |
rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 3.2 | 1.9 | 0.68 |
Rosacea | 1 | 0.2 | 4 |
Schizophrenia | 4.1 | 0.9 | 3.56 |
scoliosis | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
Sjögren syndrome | 2.1 | 1.3 | 0.62 |
Sleep Apnea | 0.7 | 0.8 | -0.14 |
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.3 | 0.6 | -1 |
Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 1 | 1.6 | -0.6 |
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 2 | 1.3 | 0.54 |
Tic Disorder | 0.4 | 0.8 | -1 |
Tourette syndrome | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
Type 1 Diabetes | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0 |
Type 2 Diabetes | 3.7 | 1.7 | 1.18 |
Ulcerative colitis | 1.2 | 1 | 0.2 |
Unhealthy Ageing | 2.7 | 0.7 | 2.86 |
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