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Bacterial Infections: Carbenicillin is effective against a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is often used to treat urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, intra-abdominal infections, and other systemic infections caused by susceptible organisms.
Mechanism of Action: Carbenicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by interfering with the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis. This leads to bacterial cell lysis and death.
Ineffective Against Gram-Positive Bacteria: Carbenicillin is not effective against most Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, due to the inability of the antibiotic to penetrate their cell walls.
Beta-Lactamase Susceptibility: Carbenicillin is susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes produced by some bacteria. Therefore, it is often combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid, to enhance its activity against beta-lactamase-producing organisms.
Adverse Effects: Common adverse effects of carbenicillin include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Allergic reactions, including rash, itching, and anaphylaxis, can occur in some individuals, particularly those with a history of penicillin allergy.
Renal Impairment: Carbenicillin is primarily eliminated by the kidneys, and dosage adjustment may be necessary in patients with renal impairment to prevent drug accumulation and potential toxicity.
Pseudomembranous Colitis: Like other antibiotics, carbenicillin can disrupt the normal balance of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and lead to the overgrowth of Clostridium difficile, resulting in pseudomembranous colitis, a potentially severe diarrheal illness.
Superinfections: Prolonged or repeated use of carbenicillin can lead to the development of superinfections caused by resistant organisms or fungi. Careful monitoring for the emergence of secondary infections is important during treatment.
Intravenous Administration: Carbenicillin is typically administered intravenously for the treatment of serious infections. Intramuscular administration may also be possible in some cases, but intravenous administration allows for more rapid and reliable absorption.
Antimicrobial Resistance: The overuse or misuse of carbenicillin can contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance, limiting its effectiveness in treating bacterial infections. Therefore, its use should be guided by antimicrobial stewardship principles to preserve its efficacy.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| species | Pseudomonas sp. cn4902 | Increases |
| species group | Pseudomonas putida group | Increases |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 1.2 | -1.2 | |
| Colorectal Cancer | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| Constipation | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| COVID-19 | 0.8 | -0.8 | |
| Crohn's Disease | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| cystic fibrosis | 0.8 | -0.8 | |
| Endometriosis | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| Histamine Issues,Mast Cell Issue, DAO Insufficiency | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 1.2 | -1.2 | |
| Mood Disorders | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 0.8 | -0.8 | |
| Ulcerative colitis | 0.6 | 0.6 |
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