AI Engines For more Details: Perplexity Kagi Labs You
Antimalarial Activity: Primaquine is effective against the liver stage of the malaria parasite, which is responsible for relapses in infections caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale. It works by disrupting the replication of the parasite within the liver, preventing the development of mature forms that cause relapses.
Prevention of Relapse: Primaquine is particularly important in preventing relapses of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale. After initial treatment with other antimalarial medications to clear the acute infection, primaquine is often prescribed to eliminate the dormant forms of the parasite (hypnozoites) that can remain in the liver and cause relapses weeks to months later.
Gametocytocidal Activity: Primaquine also has gametocytocidal activity, meaning it can kill the sexual stage (gametocytes) of the malaria parasite. By reducing the presence of gametocytes in the bloodstream, primaquine helps to reduce the transmission of malaria from infected individuals to mosquitoes, thereby contributing to malaria control efforts.
Side Effects: While primaquine is generally well-tolerated, it can cause side effects in some individuals. Common side effects may include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. In some cases, primaquine may also cause hemolytic anemia, especially in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, a genetic condition that affects red blood cell function. G6PD testing may be recommended before starting primaquine treatment to identify individuals at risk for hemolytic anemia.
Monitoring: Individuals taking primaquine may require monitoring of blood cell counts, particularly if they are at risk for hemolytic anemia. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is important to assess treatment response, monitor for side effects, and ensure appropriate management of malaria.
Contraindications: Primaquine is contraindicated in individuals with a known hypersensitivity to the medication and in those with severe G6PD deficiency due to the risk of hemolytic anemia. It should also be used with caution in pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers, as safety data in these populations are limited.
Drug Interactions: Primaquine may interact with other medications, including antimalarial drugs and certain antibiotics. Healthcare providers should assess potential drug interactions and adjust dosages accordingly when prescribing primaquine.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| species | Escherichia coli | Reduces |
| species | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei | Reduces |
| species | Parabacteroides distasonis | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| ADHD | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Allergies | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Allergy to milk products | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 1.2 | 1.3 | -0.08 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Asthma | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Atherosclerosis | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.5 | 0.8 | -0.6 |
| Autism | 1 | 1.3 | -0.3 |
| Barrett esophagus cancer | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Biofilm | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0.8 | 0.1 | 7 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Cancer (General) | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Carcinoma | 1 | 0.3 | 2.33 |
| Celiac Disease | 0.5 | 0.7 | -0.4 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 0.8 | 1.9 | -1.37 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 0.5 | 0.1 | 4 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 0.8 | 0.1 | 7 |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.33 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 1.5 | 1.5 | |
| Constipation | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| COVID-19 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.33 |
| Crohn's Disease | 1.6 | 0.6 | 1.67 |
| cystic fibrosis | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| deep vein thrombosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Depression | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.17 |
| Dermatomyositis | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Eczema | 0.3 | 0.9 | -2 |
| Endometriosis | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Epilepsy | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0 |
| Fibromyalgia | 0.7 | 0.1 | 6 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.33 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.5 | 0.1 | 4 |
| Glioblastoma | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Graves' disease | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 |
| Halitosis | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 0.2 | 0.5 | -1.5 |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| hyperglycemia | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
| hypersomnia | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 0.6 | 1.2 | -1 |
| Hypoxia | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1 |
| Insomnia | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
| Long COVID | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.13 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Mast Cell Issues / mastitis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0.4 | 0.5 | -0.25 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 1.7 | 1.4 | 0.21 |
| Mood Disorders | 1.8 | 1.2 | 0.5 |
| multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.17 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| neuropathic pain | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Obesity | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.67 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Osteoarthritis | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Osteoporosis | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| pancreatic cancer | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Parkinson's Disease | 1.8 | 0.7 | 1.57 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3 |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Psoriasis | 0.6 | 0.7 | -0.17 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 1.4 | 0.4 | 2.5 |
| Rosacea | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Schizophrenia | 0.7 | 0.1 | 6 |
| scoliosis | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Sjögren syndrome | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
| Sleep Apnea | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.6 | 0.2 | 2 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 1.4 | 0.1 | 13 |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.33 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 1.7 | 1 | 0.7 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 0.6 | 0.8 | -0.33 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 1.3 | 0.1 | 12 |
| Vitiligo | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1 |
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