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Antihypertensive Effects: Verapamil hydrochloride belongs to a class of medications known as calcium channel blockers. It works by relaxing blood vessels and decreasing the workload of the heart, leading to a reduction in blood pressure. By lowering blood pressure, verapamil helps prevent complications associated with hypertension, such as stroke, heart attack, and kidney problems.
Treatment of Angina Pectoris: Verapamil hydrochloride is used to treat chronic stable angina pectoris (chest pain) caused by coronary artery disease. It helps dilate coronary arteries, improving blood flow to the heart muscle and reducing the frequency and severity of angina attacks. Verapamil may be prescribed alone or in combination with other anti-anginal medications.
Supraventricular Arrhythmias: Verapamil hydrochloride is effective in managing certain types of supraventricular tachycardias (rapid heart rhythms originating above the ventricles), including atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). It works by slowing the electrical conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node, helping restore normal heart rhythm.
Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation: Verapamil hydrochloride is commonly used to control heart rate in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. By slowing the heart rate, verapamil can improve symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and fatigue associated with atrial fibrillation.
Prevention of Migraine Headaches: Verapamil hydrochloride has been used off-label for the prophylactic treatment of migraine headaches, particularly in patients who have not responded to other migraine preventive medications. It is believed to reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks by preventing vasospasm and stabilizing blood vessels in the brain.
Mechanism of Action: Verapamil hydrochloride blocks calcium channels in the heart and blood vessels, inhibiting the influx of calcium ions into cardiac and smooth muscle cells. This leads to relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, dilation of coronary arteries, and decreased myocardial oxygen demand, resulting in its antihypertensive and anti-anginal effects.
Dosage Forms: Verapamil hydrochloride is available in various dosage forms, including immediate-release tablets, extended-release tablets, and intravenous formulations. The choice of formulation depends on the specific condition being treated and the patient's individual needs.
Adverse Effects: Common side effects of verapamil hydrochloride may include constipation, dizziness, headache, fatigue, nausea, and peripheral edema (swelling of the extremities). These side effects are usually mild and transient but may necessitate dose adjustments or discontinuation of therapy in some cases.
Contraindications: Verapamil hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction, severe hypotension, sick sinus syndrome, second- or third-degree AV block (unless a functioning pacemaker is present), and certain other cardiac conditions. It should not be used concomitantly with certain medications, such as beta-blockers or potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, due to the risk of serious adverse effects.
Patient Monitoring: Patients receiving verapamil hydrochloride therapy should be regularly monitored for blood pressure, heart rate, and signs of cardiac or vascular complications. Dose adjustments may be necessary based on individual response and tolerability.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| ADHD | 0 | 0 | |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0 | 0 | |
| Allergies | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Allergy to milk products | 0 | 0 | |
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 0.2 | 0.4 | -1 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0 | 0 | |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Autism | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Carcinoma | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Celiac Disease | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0 | 0 | |
| Colorectal Cancer | 0 | 0 | |
| COVID-19 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.5 |
| Crohn's Disease | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Depression | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Endometriosis | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Epilepsy | 0 | 0 | |
| Fibromyalgia | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 0 | 0.1 | 0 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Graves' disease | 0 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Histamine Issues,Mast Cell Issue, DAO Insufficiency | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| hyperglycemia | 0 | 0 | |
| hypersomnia | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 0 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Hypoxia | 0 | 0 | |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 0 | 0 | |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 0 | 0 | |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 0 | 0 | |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Long COVID | 0 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Lung Cancer | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Mood Disorders | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Obesity | 0.5 | 0.1 | 4 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 0 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Parkinson's Disease | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 0 | 0 | |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0 | 0 | |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Psoriasis | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Rosacea | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Schizophrenia | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| scoliosis | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Sjögren syndrome | 0 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Tic Disorder | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 0.2 | 0.2 |
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