🍽️ tolbutamide,(prescription)

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  1. Diabetes Mellitus: Tolbutamide belongs to a class of medications known as sulfonylureas, which work by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells for energy production. Tolbutamide helps lower blood sugar levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. It is used as an adjunct to diet and exercise to control hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) in patients with diabetes who cannot adequately manage their condition with lifestyle modifications alone.

  2. Blood Glucose Control: By promoting insulin release, tolbutamide helps improve glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. It helps reduce fasting blood glucose levels and postprandial (after-meal) glucose excursions, thereby lowering the risk of hyperglycemia-related complications such as diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease.

  3. Dosage and Administration: Tolbutamide is typically administered orally in the form of tablets or capsules. The dosage may vary depending on the individual's response to treatment, medical history, renal function, and other factors. It is usually taken once or twice daily with meals to maximize efficacy and minimize the risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). It is important to follow the prescribed dosage regimen and instructions provided by the healthcare provider.

  4. Hypoglycemia: One of the potential side effects of tolbutamide therapy is hypoglycemia, characterized by abnormally low blood sugar levels. Hypoglycemia can occur if the dose of tolbutamide is too high relative to the individual's insulin requirements or if meals are skipped or delayed. Symptoms of hypoglycemia may include sweating, trembling, palpitations, confusion, dizziness, weakness, headache, blurred vision, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness or seizures. Patients should be educated about recognizing and managing hypoglycemia, including the importance of carrying a source of fast-acting glucose (such as glucose tablets or juice) to treat low blood sugar episodes promptly.

  5. Adverse Reactions: In addition to hypoglycemia, tolbutamide may cause other side effects, including gastrointestinal disturbances (such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal discomfort), allergic reactions (such as rash, itching, or hives), and hematologic abnormalities (such as leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or hemolytic anemia). Rare but serious adverse effects may include hepatotoxicity (liver damage) and hypersensitivity reactions (such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis). Patients should report any concerning symptoms to their healthcare provider promptly.

  6. Drug Interactions: Tolbutamide may interact with other medications, including other antidiabetic agents (such as insulin, metformin, or thiazolidinediones), beta-blockers, salicylates, sulfa antibiotics, anticoagulants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and certain psychiatric medications. Concurrent use of tolbutamide with these medications may potentiate or diminish its effects on blood sugar control or increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Healthcare providers should be informed of all medications, supplements, and herbal products taken by the patient to prevent potential drug interactions.

  7. Monitoring: Patients receiving tolbutamide therapy require regular monitoring of blood glucose levels to assess treatment efficacy and safety. Periodic assessment of renal function, liver function, hematologic parameters, and other relevant laboratory tests may also be warranted to detect potential adverse effects associated with long-term tolbutamide use.

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Data Contradictions β€” Limits of Certainity

Impacted of tolbutamide,(prescription) On Probiotics

Rank Probiotic Impact
species Akkermansia muciniphila Reduces
species Escherichia coli Reduces
species Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Reduces

Bacteria Impacted by tolbutamide,(prescription)

We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.

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Taxonomy Rank Effect Citations Notation
Segatella genus Decreases 👪 Source Study
Bilophila genus Decreases 👪 Source Study High Level Cause Brain Fog(Cognitive impairment)
Fusobacterium genus Decreases 👪 Source Study Periodontal disease, Lemierre syndrome, skin ulcers
Streptococcus genus Decreases 👪 Source Study
Escherichia genus Decreases 👪 Source Study
Phocaeicola genus Decreases 👪 Source Study
Bacteroides genus Decreases 👪 Source Study
Coprococcus genus Decreases 👪 Source Study
Lacticaseibacillus genus Decreases 👪 Source Study
Roseburia genus Decreases 👪 Source Study
Akkermansia genus Decreases 👪 Source Study
Clostridium genus Decreases 👪 Source Study Pathogen
Mediterraneibacter genus Decreases 👪 Source Study
Agathobacter genus Decreases 👪 Source Study
unclassified Robinsoniella no rank Decreases ⚗️ Source Study
unclassified Fusobacterium no rank Decreases ⚗️ Source Study
unclassified Negativicoccus no rank Decreases ⚗️ Source Study
Escherichia coli O80:H26 no rank Decreases 👶 Source Study
Eggerthellales order Decreases ⚗️ Source Study
Escherichia coli O145 serogroup Decreases 👶 Source Study
Escherichia coli O157 serogroup Decreases 👶 Source Study
Escherichia coli O26 serogroup Decreases 👶 Source Study
Escherichia coli O43 serogroup Decreases 👶 Source Study
Escherichia coli O1:H42 serotype Decreases 👶 Source Study
Escherichia coli O104:H4 serotype Decreases 👶 Source Study
Escherichia coli O121:H19 serotype Decreases 👶 Source Study
Escherichia coli O127:H6 serotype Decreases 👶 Source Study
Escherichia coli O139:H28 serotype Decreases 👶 Source Study
Escherichia coli O157:H7 serotype Decreases 👶 Source Study bloody diarrhea
Escherichia coli O44:H18 serotype Decreases 👶 Source Study
Escherichia coli O55:H7 serotype Decreases 👶 Source Study
Escherichia coli O6:H16 serotype Decreases 👶 Source Study
Escherichia coli O7:K1 serotype Decreases 👶 Source Study
Streptococcus parasanguinis species Decreases 📓 Source Study
Segatella copri species Decreases 📓 Source Study Over 70%ile Indicator of mycotoxin present
Bacteroides fragilis species Decreases 📓 Source Study H02076 Bacteroides infection
Bilophila wadsworthia species Decreases 📓 Source Study
Fusobacterium nucleatum species Decreases 📓 Source Study Infectious bacteria
Escherichia coli species Decreases 📓 Source Study Diarrheal disease in children and travelers, Foodborne diarrhea outbreaks, hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Phocaeicola vulgatus species Decreases 📓 Source Study
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron species Decreases 📓 Source Study
Coprococcus comes species Decreases 📓 Source Study
Bacteroides caccae species Decreases 📓 Source Study
Lacticaseibacillus paracasei species Decreases 📓 Source Study
Roseburia intestinalis species Decreases 📓 Source Study
Anaerofustis stercorihominis species Decreases ⚗️ Source Study
Asaccharospora irregularis species Decreases ⚗️ Source Study
Negativicoccus sp. S5-A15 species Decreases ⚗️ Source Study
Paraprevotella clara species Decreases ⚗️ Source Study
Slackia sp. NATTS species Decreases ⚗️ Source Study
Akkermansia muciniphila species Decreases 📓 Source Study
Pseudoflavonifractor capillosus species Decreases ⚗️ Source Study
[Collinsella] massiliensis species Decreases ⚗️ Source Study
Parvibacter caecicola species Decreases ⚗️ Source Study
Clostridium perfringens species Decreases 📓 Source Study Food poisoning, gas gangrene
Bacteroides xylanisolvens species Decreases 📓 Source Study
[Ruminococcus] gnavus species Decreases 📓 Source Study
Agathobacter rectalis species Decreases 📓 Source Study
Streptococcus salivarius species Decreases 📓 Source Study Infectious bacteria
Coriobacterineae suborder Decreases ⚗️ Source Study
Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum subspecies Decreases 👶 Source Study
Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei subspecies Decreases 👶 Source Study
Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia group superphylum Decreases ⚗️ Source Study

Impact of tolbutamide,(prescription) on Conditions from US National Library of Medicine

A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.

We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive   X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.

Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.

Condition Positive Impact Negative Impact Benefit Ratio Impact
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm 0.2 0.2
ADHD 0.3 0.1 2
Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma 0.1 0.1
Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) 0.4 0.4
Allergies 0.8 0.7 0.14
Allergy to milk products 0.5 0.2 1.5
Alzheimer's disease 1.6 1.5 0.07
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron 1 0.5 1
Ankylosing spondylitis 1.1 0.4 1.75
Anorexia Nervosa 0.3 -0.3
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) 1 0.2 4
Asthma 0.1 0.5 -4
Atherosclerosis 0.2 0.4 -1
Atrial fibrillation 0.5 1 -1
Autism 2.1 2.6 -0.24
Barrett esophagus cancer 0.2 0.2 0
benign prostatic hyperplasia 0.2 0.2
Bipolar Disorder 0.5 0.2 1.5
Brain Trauma 0.2 -0.2
Carcinoma 0.7 0.1 6
Celiac Disease 0.9 0.4 1.25
Cerebral Palsy 0.3 0.2 0.5
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 0.7 1 -0.43
Chronic Kidney Disease 0.4 0.3 0.33
Chronic Lyme 0.2 -0.2
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 1 0.2 4
Chronic Urticaria (Hives) 0.7 1.1 -0.57
Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria 0.6 0.3 1
Colorectal Cancer 1.8 0 0
Constipation 0.6 0.1 5
Coronary artery disease 0.1 0.1 0
COVID-19 1.4 2.4 -0.71
Crohn's Disease 2.3 1.2 0.92
cystic fibrosis 0.5 0.2 1.5
deep vein thrombosis 0.5 0.3 0.67
Depression 2.8 1.6 0.75
Dermatomyositis 0.2 0.2
Eczema 0.2 0.7 -2.5
Endometriosis 0.9 0.9
Eosinophilic Esophagitis 0.2 0.2
Epilepsy 1.2 0.3 3
Fibromyalgia 0.2 1 -4
Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation 1.7 1.7 0
gallstone disease (gsd) 0.2 0.3 -0.5
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus 1 0.2 4
Generalized anxiety disorder 0.7 0.3 1.33
giant cell arteritis 0.1 -0.1
Glioblastoma 0.2 -0.2
Gout 0.1 -0.1
Graves' disease 0.1 0.1 0
Halitosis 0.3 0.2 0.5
Hashimoto's thyroiditis 0.3 0.4 -0.33
Hidradenitis Suppurativa 0.6 0.6
Histamine Issues,Mast Cell Issue, DAO Insufficiency 0.7 0.1 6
hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) 0.1 0.1 0
hyperglycemia 0.2 0.3 -0.5
Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) 0.1 0.1
hypersomnia 0.2 -0.2
hypertension (High Blood Pressure 0.5 1.3 -1.6
Hypothyroidism 0.1 -0.1
Hypoxia 0.2 0.2
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) 0.9 -0.9
Inflammatory Bowel Disease 1.4 1.9 -0.36
Insomnia 0.3 0.2 0.5
Intelligence 0.2 0.5 -1.5
Intracranial aneurysms 0.1 0.1
Irritable Bowel Syndrome 1.4 0.7 1
Liver Cirrhosis 1.2 0.9 0.33
Long COVID 1.9 1.1 0.73
Low bone mineral density 0.2 -0.2
Lung Cancer 0.4 0.1 3
ME/CFS with IBS 0.2 0.4 -1
ME/CFS without IBS 0.4 0.1 3
Metabolic Syndrome 2.4 2 0.2
Mood Disorders 3.5 1.6 1.19
multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] 0.3 0.3
Multiple Sclerosis 1.5 1.6 -0.07
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) 0.9 0.9
Neuropathy (all types) 0.2 0.2 0
neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) 0.3 0.3
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic 0.9 0.5 0.8
Obesity 1.4 0.9 0.56
obsessive-compulsive disorder 1.6 1 0.6
Osteoarthritis 0.6 0.6
Osteoporosis 0.3 0.3 0
pancreatic cancer 0.2 0.2
Parkinson's Disease 1.1 1.5 -0.36
Polycystic ovary syndrome 0.7 0.2 2.5
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome 0.1 0.1 0
Psoriasis 1.1 1 0.1
rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) 1.9 1.1 0.73
Rosacea 0.2 -0.2
Schizophrenia 0.8 0.3 1.67
scoliosis 0.1 0.2 -1
Sjögren syndrome 0.8 0.2 3
Sleep Apnea 0.3 0.4 -0.33
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) 0.7 0.7
Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder 0.9 0.5 0.8
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 1.6 0.1 15
Tic Disorder 0.3 0.5 -0.67
Tourette syndrome 0.1 0.1 0
Type 1 Diabetes 1.4 0.6 1.33
Type 2 Diabetes 2.6 2.4 0.08
Ulcerative colitis 1 1.7 -0.7
Unhealthy Ageing 2.1 0.4 4.25

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