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Antidepressant Effects: Protriptyline hydrochloride exerts its therapeutic effects by inhibiting the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. By increasing the levels of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic clefts, protriptyline helps to regulate mood and alleviate symptoms of depression.
Depression: Protriptyline hydrochloride is indicated for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adults. Symptoms of depression may include persistent sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of suicide. Protriptyline can help improve mood and restore normal functioning in individuals with depression.
Other Uses: In addition to depression, protriptyline hydrochloride may sometimes be prescribed off-label for the management of other conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and chronic pain syndromes. However, its primary use remains in the treatment of depression.
Side Effects: Like other tricyclic antidepressants, protriptyline hydrochloride may cause a range of side effects, which can vary in severity and frequency among individuals. Common side effects may include drowsiness, dizziness, blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, sweating, weight gain or loss, and sexual dysfunction. These side effects often diminish over time as the body adjusts to the medication.
Cardiovascular Effects: Tricyclic antidepressants such as protriptyline can have cardiovascular effects due to their anticholinergic and alpha-adrenergic blocking properties. These effects may include orthostatic hypotension (a sudden drop in blood pressure upon standing), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and cardiac arrhythmias. Patients with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions should be closely monitored when taking protriptyline.
Overdose: Ingestion of excessive doses of protriptyline hydrochloride can lead to overdose, which may manifest with symptoms such as confusion, hallucinations, seizures, respiratory depression, cardiac dysrhythmias, and coma. Protriptyline overdose can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
Drug Interactions: Protriptyline hydrochloride may interact with other medications, including monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), anticholinergic drugs, sympathomimetic agents, and certain cardiovascular medications. These interactions can potentiate side effects or reduce the efficacy of either medication.
Withdrawal: Abrupt discontinuation of protriptyline hydrochloride can lead to withdrawal symptoms such as nausea, headache, irritability, anxiety, insomnia, and flu-like symptoms. It is important to gradually taper the dose of protriptyline under the supervision of a healthcare professional to minimize the risk of withdrawal.
Monitoring: Patients taking protriptyline hydrochloride should be closely monitored by their healthcare provider for the emergence of adverse effects and for therapeutic response. Regular follow-up appointments are important to adjust the dosage as needed and to address any concerns or changes in symptoms.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| species | Akkermansia muciniphila | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | Reduces |
| species | Escherichia coli | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Acne | 0 | 0 | |
| ADHD | 3.4 | 0.2 | 16 |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.2 | 0.5 | -1.5 |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 1.2 | 0.1 | 11 |
| Allergies | 2.5 | 1.7 | 0.47 |
| Allergy to milk products | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.29 |
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 1.1 | 1.1 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 2.4 | 3.2 | -0.33 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 3.8 | 1.4 | 1.71 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 2.9 | 0.7 | 3.14 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.5 | 1.1 | -1.2 |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 1.8 | 0.1 | 17 |
| Asthma | 0.5 | 1.9 | -2.8 |
| Atherosclerosis | 0.2 | 1.2 | -5 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2.1 | 2 | 0.05 |
| Autism | 6 | 7.6 | -0.27 |
| Barrett esophagus cancer | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 1.2 | 0.3 | 3 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.2 | 0.4 | -1 |
| Carcinoma | 2.4 | 1.6 | 0.5 |
| Celiac Disease | 2.6 | 2.3 | 0.13 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 3.6 | 4.9 | -0.36 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.08 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 1 | 2.7 | -1.7 |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 1.5 | 0.3 | 4 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 3.6 | 0.6 | 5 |
| Constipation | 1.9 | 1.9 | |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.6 | 0.1 | 5 |
| COVID-19 | 8.6 | 12 | -0.4 |
| Crohn's Disease | 5.2 | 4.7 | 0.11 |
| cystic fibrosis | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| deep vein thrombosis | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.33 |
| Depression | 7.5 | 5.6 | 0.34 |
| Dermatomyositis | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Eczema | 0.3 | 1.9 | -5.33 |
| Endometriosis | 2.1 | 0.7 | 2 |
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0 | 0 | |
| Epilepsy | 2.6 | 3.4 | -0.31 |
| Fibromyalgia | 1.6 | 2.2 | -0.38 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 4.9 | 3.2 | 0.53 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 2 | 0.3 | 5.67 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| Glioblastoma | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Gout | 0 | 0 | |
| Graves' disease | 1.1 | 0.3 | 2.67 |
| Halitosis | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.83 |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Histamine Issues,Mast Cell Issue, DAO Insufficiency | 2.2 | 0.4 | 4.5 |
| hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 0.4 | 1 | -1.5 |
| hyperglycemia | 0.2 | 2.4 | -11 |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.6 | 0.1 | 5 |
| hypersomnia | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 2.1 | 2.7 | -0.29 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Hypoxia | 1.4 | 1.4 | |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 4.3 | -4.3 | |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 3.4 | 6.3 | -0.85 |
| Insomnia | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0 |
| Intelligence | 1 | 0.7 | 0.43 |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 0.9 | 0.1 | 8 |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 4.2 | 5.2 | -0.24 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 2.6 | 1.5 | 0.73 |
| Long COVID | 6.4 | 4.2 | 0.52 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Lung Cancer | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.09 |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.3 | 0.8 | -1.67 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 1.1 | 1.8 | -0.64 |
| Menopause | 1.1 | 1.1 | |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 5.7 | 6.4 | -0.12 |
| Mood Disorders | 8.7 | 5.8 | 0.5 |
| multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 1.3 | 1.3 | |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 3.7 | 5.1 | -0.38 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 1.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.8 | 0.2 | 3 |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 1.5 | 3 | -1 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 0 | 0 | |
| Obesity | 4.7 | 3.6 | 0.31 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 6.4 | 3.2 | 1 |
| Osteoarthritis | 1 | 1 | |
| Osteoporosis | 0.9 | 1.4 | -0.56 |
| pancreatic cancer | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
| Parkinson's Disease | 3.1 | 2.3 | 0.35 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1.33 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.2 | 0.5 | -1.5 |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 0.2 | 1.1 | -4.5 |
| Psoriasis | 2.9 | 3.4 | -0.17 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 3.8 | 2.2 | 0.73 |
| Rosacea | 0 | 0 | |
| Schizophrenia | 4.1 | 0.1 | 40 |
| scoliosis | 0 | 0.6 | 0 |
| Sjögren syndrome | 2.2 | 2.6 | -0.18 |
| Sleep Apnea | 0.1 | 0.7 | -6 |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 2.1 | 2 | 0.05 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 3.2 | 0.7 | 3.57 |
| Tic Disorder | 1.4 | 1 | 0.4 |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.25 |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 3.8 | 1.6 | 1.37 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 6.7 | 7.3 | -0.09 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 1.6 | 6.6 | -3.12 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 3.3 | 1.8 | 0.83 |
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