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Anticoagulant Action: Acenocoumarol works by inhibiting the activity of vitamin K epoxide reductase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X in the liver. By interfering with the production of these clotting factors, acenocoumarol prevents the formation of blood clots and inhibits the coagulation cascade.
Treatment and Prevention of Thromboembolic Disorders: Acenocoumarol is primarily used in the treatment and prevention of thromboembolic disorders, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), atrial fibrillation (AF), and mechanical heart valve replacement. It helps reduce the risk of thromboembolic events by maintaining blood in a more fluid state and preventing the formation of clots in the bloodstream.
Maintenance of Anticoagulation: Acenocoumarol requires careful monitoring of its anticoagulant effect using international normalized ratio (INR) measurements. The target INR range varies depending on the indication for anticoagulation and individual patient factors. Regular INR monitoring and dosage adjustments are necessary to ensure that the anticoagulant effect remains within the therapeutic range and to minimize the risk of bleeding or thrombosis.
Prophylaxis of Thromboembolism in Atrial Fibrillation: Acenocoumarol is commonly used for the prophylaxis of thromboembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation, particularly those at high risk of stroke based on their CHA2DS2-VASc score. By preventing the formation of blood clots in the atria, acenocoumarol reduces the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in these patients.
Prevention of Thromboembolism in Mechanical Heart Valve Replacement: Patients who have undergone mechanical heart valve replacement are at increased risk of thromboembolic events due to the presence of foreign material within the heart. Acenocoumarol is often prescribed in these patients to prevent the formation of blood clots on the valve surface and reduce the risk of valve thrombosis and systemic embolism.
Side Effects and Bleeding Risk: One of the main risks associated with acenocoumarol therapy is bleeding, which can range from minor bruising or nosebleeds to life-threatening hemorrhage. Patients receiving acenocoumarol should be educated about the signs and symptoms of bleeding and instructed to seek medical attention promptly if bleeding occurs.
Interaction with Vitamin K: Acenocoumarol interacts with dietary vitamin K, which can affect its anticoagulant effect. Patients should maintain a consistent intake of vitamin K-containing foods and be cautious when starting or stopping foods rich in vitamin K (e.g., green leafy vegetables). Changes in vitamin K intake may require adjustments to the acenocoumarol dosage to maintain stable anticoagulation.
Contraindications: Acenocoumarol is contraindicated in individuals with a history of hypersensitivity to coumarin derivatives, active bleeding or hemorrhagic disorders, severe liver disease, or severe hypertension. It should be used with caution in patients with renal impairment, peptic ulcer disease, or other conditions predisposing to bleeding.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| species | Akkermansia muciniphila | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium longum | Reduces |
| species | Escherichia coli | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acne | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| ADHD | 3.6 | 0.4 | 8 |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.57 |
| Allergies | 4.3 | 2.6 | 0.65 |
| Allergy to milk products | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.4 |
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 1.8 | 1.8 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 2.3 | 3.8 | -0.65 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 3 | 1.3 | 1.31 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 3.4 | 1.4 | 1.43 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.2 | 2.1 | -9.5 |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Asthma | 0.7 | 1 | -0.43 |
| Atherosclerosis | 1.1 | 1.4 | -0.27 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3.4 | 1.3 | 1.62 |
| Autism | 7.5 | 7.1 | 0.06 |
| Barrett esophagus cancer | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 1.1 | 1.2 | -0.09 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.6 | 0.2 | 2 |
| Carcinoma | 3.5 | 3 | 0.17 |
| Celiac Disease | 1.9 | 3.6 | -0.89 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 1 | 1.2 | -0.2 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 4.2 | 6.1 | -0.45 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1.3 | 1.8 | -0.38 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.33 |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0 |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.8 | 1.2 | -0.5 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 2.1 | 1 | 1.1 |
| Constipation | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.2 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1.7 | 1 | 0.7 |
| COVID-19 | 9.4 | 11.9 | -0.27 |
| Crohn's Disease | 5.7 | 5.2 | 0.1 |
| cystic fibrosis | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.25 |
| deep vein thrombosis | 0.5 | 0.7 | -0.4 |
| Depression | 5.9 | 7.1 | -0.2 |
| Dermatomyositis | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Eczema | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.33 |
| Endometriosis | 2.4 | 1.6 | 0.5 |
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Epilepsy | 2 | 2.3 | -0.15 |
| Fibromyalgia | 1.8 | 2.3 | -0.28 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 3.4 | 1.6 | 1.13 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 2.3 | 0.2 | 10.5 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.7 | 1.2 | -0.71 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.18 |
| giant cell arteritis | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Glioblastoma | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Gout | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Graves' disease | 1 | 1.4 | -0.4 |
| Halitosis | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 1.8 | 0.4 | 3.5 |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.5 |
| Histamine Issues,Mast Cell Issue, DAO Insufficiency | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| hyperglycemia | 0.2 | 1.8 | -8 |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.8 |
| hypersomnia | 0.5 | -0.5 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 2.1 | 2.5 | -0.19 |
| Hypothyroidism | 1.1 | -1.1 | |
| Hypoxia | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 3.2 | -3.2 | |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 2 | 7.2 | -2.6 |
| Insomnia | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Intelligence | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.2 |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 1.4 | 0.5 | 1.8 |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 2.4 | 3.4 | -0.42 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 3.8 | 2.5 | 0.52 |
| Long COVID | 5.3 | 8 | -0.51 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.2 | 2 | -9 |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.7 | 2.8 | -3 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 1.4 | 2.1 | -0.5 |
| Menopause | 1.2 | 1.2 | |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 5.8 | 5.7 | 0.02 |
| Mood Disorders | 8.6 | 7.3 | 0.18 |
| multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 3.9 | 4 | -0.03 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0 |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.9 | 0.2 | 3.5 |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 2.5 | 5.2 | -1.08 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Obesity | 6.9 | 4 | 0.73 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 6.1 | 4 | 0.52 |
| Osteoarthritis | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.2 |
| Osteoporosis | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.15 |
| pancreatic cancer | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Parkinson's Disease | 2.5 | 2.6 | -0.04 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 2.2 | 2.1 | 0.05 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.2 | 0.4 | -1 |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 1.1 | 0.2 | 4.5 |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 0.5 | 1.2 | -1.4 |
| Psoriasis | 4.3 | 2.1 | 1.05 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 5.6 | 2.6 | 1.15 |
| Rosacea | 0.8 | 0.2 | 3 |
| Schizophrenia | 5.7 | 1.6 | 2.56 |
| scoliosis | 0.3 | 1.1 | -2.67 |
| Sjögren syndrome | 2.9 | 2.9 | 0 |
| Sleep Apnea | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.17 |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 1.8 | 2 | -0.11 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 2.8 | 1.9 | 0.47 |
| Tic Disorder | 1.4 | 1.6 | -0.14 |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 3 | 1.4 | 1.14 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 6 | 5 | 0.2 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 2.2 | 4.6 | -1.09 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 3.1 | 1.9 | 0.63 |
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