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Treatment of Tuberculosis: Prothionamide is indicated for the treatment of tuberculosis, especially when the TB bacteria are resistant to other first-line drugs like isoniazid and rifampicin. It is typically used as part of a multidrug regimen for the management of drug-resistant TB.
Mechanism of Action: Prothionamide inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids, which are essential components of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that cause TB. By disrupting the synthesis of mycolic acids, prothionamide interferes with the integrity of the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death.
Drug Resistance: Prothionamide is effective against TB bacteria that have developed resistance to other first-line drugs. It is often used in combination with other second-line anti-TB medications to improve treatment outcomes in patients with drug-resistant TB.
Dosage and Administration: Prothionamide is typically administered orally in the form of tablets. The dosage and duration of treatment depend on various factors, including the severity of the TB infection, the patient's weight, age, and medical history. It is important to adhere to the prescribed dosage and treatment regimen to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes.
Side Effects: Common side effects of prothionamide may include gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Neurological side effects such as peripheral neuropathy, dizziness, headache, and confusion may also occur. Liver function abnormalities and allergic reactions are possible but less common.
Drug Interactions: Prothionamide may interact with other medications, particularly other anti-TB drugs and medications that affect liver function or the central nervous system. Concurrent use of prothionamide with certain drugs may increase the risk of adverse effects or reduce therapeutic efficacy. It is important to inform the healthcare provider about all medications, supplements, and herbal products being taken.
Monitoring: Patients receiving prothionamide therapy should be monitored closely for signs of adverse effects, especially gastrointestinal disturbances, neurological symptoms, and liver function abnormalities. Regular monitoring of liver function tests, complete blood count, and renal function may be necessary during treatment.
Pregnancy and Lactation: The safety of prothionamide use during pregnancy and lactation has not been well established. It should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefits outweigh the potential risks to the fetus, and caution should be exercised when administering it to breastfeeding mothers.
Resistance: As with all antibiotics, the overuse or misuse of prothionamide can lead to the development of bacterial resistance, reducing its effectiveness in treating tuberculosis. Therefore, it should be used judiciously and only when indicated, in combination with other anti-TB medications.
Treatment Duration: The duration of prothionamide treatment varies depending on the specific regimen prescribed by the healthcare provider and the response to therapy. Treatment for drug-resistant TB typically requires a longer duration compared to standard TB treatment regimens.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| species | Escherichia coli | Reduces |
| species | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Allergies | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 |
| Allergy to milk products | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 |
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Asthma | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Atherosclerosis | 0.1 | 0.6 | -5 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Autism | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.25 |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Carcinoma | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Celiac Disease | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Cerebral Palsy | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 0.5 | 0.1 | 4 |
| Constipation | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| COVID-19 | 0.5 | 0.7 | -0.4 |
| Crohn's Disease | 0.6 | 0.2 | 2 |
| cystic fibrosis | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| deep vein thrombosis | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Depression | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.22 |
| Eczema | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Endometriosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Epilepsy | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Fibromyalgia | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.33 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 |
| giant cell arteritis | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Graves' disease | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Histamine Issues,Mast Cell Issue, DAO Insufficiency | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| hyperglycemia | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 0.4 | 0.7 | -0.75 |
| Insomnia | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Intelligence | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 0.6 | 0.2 | 2 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
| Long COVID | 0.2 | 0.4 | -1 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.33 |
| Mood Disorders | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.44 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Obesity | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Osteoarthritis | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Osteoporosis | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Parkinson's Disease | 0.2 | 0.7 | -2.5 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.5 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Psoriasis | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
| Rosacea | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Schizophrenia | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Sjögren syndrome | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Sleep Apnea | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Tic Disorder | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 0.2 | -0.2 |
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